How schools and universities can help combat racism

How communities can use education to combat racism

06 Jan 2020

racism schools — Young people in schools and universities are often targeted by extremist recruiters who deploy a narrative of hate to motivate them. Source: Shutterstock

Late one afternoon this past summer, after leaving my Winnipeg office, I came across a poster that read: 鈥淲hen the house of cards comes crashing down, we鈥檒l be ready. Will you join us?鈥� In the background of this poster, the bridge that connects St Boniface was visible, while in the foreground, a masked soldier stood ominously with an assault rifle.

I thought that the poster might be from a theatre company for the Fringe Festival, and in the age of terror, I thought this production to be a novel one.

Unbeknownst to me, it was a recruitment poster . Within days, the Winnipeg Free Press had published an investigative piece that highlighted a chilling interview with a local Winnipeg member. The piece also said research shows 鈥�.鈥�

Through both my own research in peace and conflict studies, and in my experiences listening to Winnipeg educators in a forum last winter, I believe that to confront and combat extremism, Manitoba needs new ways of engaging with young people that are sensitive to Manitoba鈥檚 social-political context.

We need to create opportunities where young people can share and critically reflect on their experiences with teachers and caring adults in schools and in their communities at large.

Such efforts might be built upon Brazilian educator Paulo Freire鈥檚 , in which he wrote: 鈥淭o be human is to engage in relationships with others.鈥� The role of human beings is .

Young people targeted by extremists

As a researcher, I am curious to identify the social factors that cause extremism, which often leads to violence. Over the past decade, I have explored factors shaping extremism and how various social groups compete and collaborate to .

In my PhD research, I analysed qualitative data gained from interviews with 49 community leaders in Winnipeg. These leaders identified inter-group animosity, as related to racism and inequality, as .

The causes of extremism globally reveals a trend: are often who deploy a narrative of hate to motivate them.

Manitoba context

The poster and the subsequent news analysis about The Base recruiting in Winnipeg Manitoba is not an but a place that must seriously grapple with racism.

The Base鈥檚 call to take up arms comes on the heels of a number of disturbing and grim events in Winnipeg.

Last year, signs stating 鈥溾€� popped up at a number of educational institutions. Last winter, three years after people gathered for a vigil at The Forks for teenager Tina Fontaine, many were . Many highlighted how the trial revealed both and of other institutions.

, a scenario eerily echoed in Vita, Manitoba, about 100 kilometres southeast of Winnipeg.

In 2016, the province saw high-profile terror activities in Aaron Driver鈥檚 allegiance to ISIS and his eventual demise. Driver was killed in Strathroy, Ontario, in an RCMP altercation , but had lived in Winnipeg.

Dialogue with educators

I reached out to educators to hear about their experiences dealing with extremism in their classrooms. In a facilitated dialogue last February, I spoke with 12 educators from the Lord Selkirk and Louis Riel school divisions, and the 糖心vlog官网 of Winnipeg Faculty of Education. Three things stood out from this dialogue.

Staff and students at the 糖心vlog官网 of Manitoba are condemning acts of racism after multiple posters with the words, 鈥淚T鈥橲 OKAY TO BE WHITE,鈥� were spotted around campus.

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Participants agreed that racism and anti-immigrant extremism and manifesting in different forms, and said they were often uncomfortable addressing the matter in classrooms.

Second, while the existing curriculum contains subjects like global issues and citizenship, it is seldom possible to discuss domestic hot-button matters such as race, religion and sex in the classroom because the educators aren鈥檛 obligated to do so and some of them are not comfortable discussing such topics in class. For example, a student wore a T-shirt with the 鈥淚t鈥檚 okay to be white鈥� slogan for a couple of days until one educator intervened. Another educator shared her experience of interacting with Driver in an adult education class. Educators are left to themselves to deal with such situations.

Third, educators explained that multi-stakeholder support is needed to intervene comprehensively to counter extremism because young people only spend part of the day in classrooms.

New approaches

The Manitoba explains the concept of citizenship as 鈥渒nowledgeable and engaged citizens鈥� and is therefore an essential subject for kindergarten to Grade 12 students in age-appropriate ways.

There is also a strong focus on human rights, equality and responsibilities of citizens, as well as on anti-bias and anti-racism approaches and Aboriginal perspectives throughout the social studies curriculum. But racism is not covered as a subject or as content exclusively.

For example, Grade 11 Canadian history aims to teach students how to critically reflect on聽. It emphasises . It discusses content about 鈥渞estrictions to Asian immigration,鈥� the Chinese head tax and the impact of the American Civil War on Black immigration to Canada as well as Black loyalists 鈥� and how Canada admitted only a small number of refugee Jews between 1933 to 1939. But it doesn鈥檛 ensure comprehensive coverage of particular forms of racism in Canada.

The province鈥檚 discusses teaching Indigenous language learning alongside teaching about residential schools in grades 9-12 and treaties in grades 5-8. But teaching Indigenous languages isn鈥檛 mandatory, and is only done in some school contexts. The document encourages that 鈥渟pecific learning outcomes can 鈥� be integrated with other subject areas by other educators, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal鈥� but the extent to which that may happen is unclear.

In Grade 6, social studies learning outcomes include , treaties and Aboriginal rights in Canada from 1867 to the present.

Schools can鈥檛 do it alone

Our educators are uniquely positioned to prepare young people as they transition from school to university. But let鈥檚 understand that they can鈥檛 do it alone.

My search continues to explore ways to convince educators and broader communities to understand that as a society we are facing demands for new ways of forming relationships with young people, and new ways of teaching.

One idea is to bring the discussion on extremism and radicalisation into classrooms 鈥� this is something I have started doing from time to time in partnership with teachers.

Communities are on the front line of activism and provide legitimate responses to conceptual dilemmas that often dog young people. A renewed relationship with teachers, adults and community leaders at large is needed based on trust and confidence.

By , Instructor and SSHRC Post-Doctoral fellow at the Political Science department,

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